The Many Faces of Freedom? Essay -- Expository Exemplification Essays

The Many Face of Freedom? Freedom is a concept that people are often willing to die for and it is the cause of much fighting. However, few people ever claim to dislike freedom. This raises an interesting question: how can people fight over what is generally considered to be a positive idea? Does this mean that someone must be against freedom? The answer is that people cannot agree on what freedom is, thus numerous groups can claim to be "for freedom" while strongly disagreeing on the means by which to achieve it. These groups often argue vehemently and passionately, trying to convince the majority that their side is right. However, emotion is only one part of deciding who is more persuasive. I offer two examples of disagreements regarding freedom, as proof that freedom is neither tangible, nor a singular idea. An example of a disagreement about freedom between two larger groups is offered in Michael Rossman's account of a student protest in "The Wedding Within the War". Feelings between students and the administration came to a head in an argument regarding tables set up by student organizations to meet new members and pass out information. The administration first restricted the students' rights by forcing them to move the tables from the heart of campus to the edge of campus, further from the majority of students. Then, a few years later, the students were told that they were not allowed to have the tables at all (102). Since their campus is a microcosm of the larger government of America, this limiting of their rights frightened them, causing them to react. As a result, they held a demonstration to make these concerns heard. Their main point, as presented in "Catch-801" by Marvin Garson was that "the University Administ... ...s to be a singular concept. The personal quality of an individual's definition of freedom is also the reason why the students were able to be more persuasive. Their writing contained a sense of personal concern, that decisions made regarding freedom would impact each one of them individually. In contrast, political speeches, although concerned more with the majority, spoke more in terms of abstract freedom, which is much less persuasive. Works Cited Garson, Marvin. "Catch-801." Takin' It to the Streets. New York. NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Reagan, Ronald. "Freedom vs. Anarchy On Campus." Takin' It to the Streets. New York. NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Rossman, Michael. "The Wedding Within the War." Takin' It to the Streets. New York. NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Roth, Philip. Goodbye, Columbus. New York. NY: Bantam Books, 1968.

Individual Report on Econometric Models

Context This report pertains to the selection of an academic paper (Caporale et al., 2009) which is examined based on its aims and results, citing new insights offered by its analysis. It also involves another paper (Oshio et al., 2011) that cited that of Caporale et al. (2009), explaining the kind of data being used for the analysis. The report also includes a description of the economic model adopted by the authors to analyse the issues, as well as a critical reflection of the issues that are likely to arise with the use of these specific econometric models. a.Summary of the selected paper The selected paper in this report is that of Caporale et al. (2009), which was centred on income and happiness across Western and Eastern Europe. The authors utilised data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 19 European countries, whereby they examined the association between income and subjective well-being. The aim of their study was to find out whether income can buy happiness. Happiness and life satisfaction served as the dependent variables in the study, which were likewise contained in the ESS data. These variables were tested for whether social comparisons and reference groups wielded a relevant influence on the subjective well-being of individuals in the countries involved, which likewise served as the sample. The findings revealed that for all these countries – despite the positive correlation between income on one hand and happiness and life satisfaction on the other – a negative effect was being exerted by reference income on individual well-being, a result that harmonised with the relative utility hypothesis. A separate analysis was conducted by the authors for some countries in Eastern Europe in which they were able to discover some evidence that supported a so-called ‘tunnel effect’, which was suggestive of a positive impact caused by reference income on subjective well-being. The findings maintained that situations characterising stable income and employment have income serving as the basis for social comparisons. In social comparisons, the authors posited that reference income served as the informant for future status expectations. Further, empirical findings revealed a tendency for males to report lower satisfaction than their female counterparts. The authors also cited that the literature holds robust pattern that mirrors the life-cycle areas of people’s social, economic, and family situations. The findings also suggested that happiness perception was positively related to being married, whilst a negative relationship was suggested for divorce. Moreover, the presence of children had a negative effect on happiness perception whilst good health fostered a significant positive association. There was shaky evidence on the likelihood of university qualifications to cause a negative impact on happiness. In addition, a positive effect was indicated by previous employment occurrence on the perception of happiness, which was more deep-seated for more recent unemployment occurrence. The distress accompanying a recent unemployment occurrence may diminish the aspiration value of the presently employed individua l. As the study’s sample was dominated by countries with liberal social welfarism, the influence of the welfare systems on individual’s happiness may also be indicated by the positive impact of unemployment on life satisfaction during the time of joblessness. The new insights offered by the analysis include an apparent wedge between countries in Western Europe and Eastern Europe, which clearly showed that the pursuit of life satisfaction has become embodied in countries’ political framework, serving as a source of valuable insights in policy development concerning welfare reforms. b. A paper citing the selected paper A paper that cites the selected paper here is that of Oshio et al. (2011) whose aim was to examine the effects of relative income on well-being in China, Japan, and Korea based on nationwide surveys in these countries and comparing them with that of the United States. The various factors for which control was undertaken at the individual level were age, gender, and marital status, to name a few. The results were parallel to past researches the same topic involving Western countries. The study exhibited a significant relationship between a person’s income and that of the reference group on one hand, and perceived life satisfaction on the other. In China, individual income showed stronger relationships between relative income and life satisfaction compared to family income, whilst the opposite was demonstrated for Japan and Korea. The comparisons of income within the reference group were necessary for evaluating life satisfaction, particularly when family income was used. Additi onally, Yitzhaki index was used to determine the relative deficiency within the reference group, which was found to have a negative relationship with life satisfaction. Oshio et al. (2011) used Caporale et al. (2009) as a cited paper in their study in that the former utilised it in its claim that apart from the absolute income levels, the happiness of a person is reliant to comparisons with those of others, particularly those with similar socio-economic distinctiveness. Oshio and colleagues also used Caporale and colleagues’ findings on relative income proposition, whereby both found a positive effect fostered by absolute income on both happiness and life satisfaction. Further, both Caporale et al. (2009) and Oshio et al. (2011) used regression analysis to analyse the findings on income and perceived happiness. The apparent difference that could be cited in their studies was the nature of the countries on which their studies were emphasised – Western and Eastern European countries for Caporale et al. (2009), and Asian countries and the United States for Oshio et al. (2011). The former was also more extensive as it used 19 countries f or a generalisation of income-happiness hypothesis, whilst the latter involved only four. The comparison in Caporale and colleagues’ study was between Western European and Eastern European countries, whilst that of Oshio and colleagues was between three Asian countries and the United States. If the cross-country findings in Caporale and colleagues demonstrated a political agenda (i.e. social welfarism), those of Oshio and colleagues were focused on the level of the individual, such as people’s precautious outlook on individual income than family income in China and the United States, leading to the influence of culture for income perception (e.g. individual-orientedness vs. family-orientedness).Whilst Caporale et al. (2009) asserted a positive relationship between income and happiness, Oshio et al. (2011) declared stronger correlations between individual income (rather than family income) and life satisfaction in China, which was not true in Japan and Korea. c.Data used, structure of the data set, and manner of data collection The ESS data in Caporale and colleagues’ (2009) study contained information about a set of demographic and employment characteristics, which the authors utilised as controls in their regressions. Some of these controls were education, income, and position in the labour force, to name a few. The data set also involved information on previous unemployment encounter, which was used in assessing whether a person’s perception of present economic situation was influenced by previous income shocks, commonly due to unemployment. The structure of the data set included all individuals possessing similar levels of education, age brackets, and current countries of residence. The sample was also limited to employees earning full-time salaries. Alternatively, in Oshio and colleagues’ (2011) study, the data were collected from the countries’ (Japan, China, Korea) General Social Survey (GSS), from which data were downloaded. The GSS of these countries were originally gathered by a research office at the University of Chicago. The basis of their empirical analysis was the GSS of these countries which were recorded in 2006, with widely similar survey questionnaires. The results were compared with those of the United States. All income data were converted into logarithms to enable comparing the results across models and countries. In addition, the authors used sampling weights from GSS and made a computation of standard errors to provide correction for any possibility of heteroscedasticity. It may be inferred that even though both studies aimed at determining happiness and life satisfaction vis-a-vis income, their methodologies and approaches were however different but were appropriate to the nature of their hypoth eses. d. Econometric models used by the authors In this section, the econometric models used by the authors are described to analyse the issue. Caporale et al. (2009) used ordered probit model, which they deemed appropriate for their study, given the ordinal nature of the happiness variables. This model enabled a close correlation between happiness and life satisfaction, in which the authors were able to indicate a high level of happiness or satisfaction amongst the research participants. A clear skewness towards the high end was exhibited by the distribution on happiness. Some variations began emerging with the investigation of the level of happiness across the countries involved, with Denmark achieving the highest score, and Portugal, amongst others, recording the lowest scores. Reference income was used as an explanatory variable in the regressions. The estimated coefficients also showed a general consistency with those of previous studies. On the other hand, Oshio et al. (2011) used the ordered logit model to explain perceived happiness across the three countries involved in their study. The model contained an assumption of care amongst individuals in relation to their individual (or family) income when making a comparison of their income with those of others. Family income was included in both specifications, with an assumption that it represents material living standards. It was expected that the coefficient ? was significantly positive in each specification, given the relative income hypothesis. e. Critical reflection of the issues relating to the econometric models The econometric models used in each of the study of Caporale et al. (2009) and Oshio et al. (2011) were appropriately justified and carried out to suit the aim and expected results of each. The use of the ordered probit model in Caporale and colleagues’ study was suitable as this model was able to deal with the variables in ordered categories, which were present in the dataset. According to Jones (2007) and Gailmard (2014), ordered probit model is utilised in the modelling of a discrete dependent variable with ordered multinomial results. Similarly, Caporale and colleagues also noted fixing some of the threshold values, which Jones also pointed out as a characteristic of the model. The study was able to generate the specific results with the utilisation of this model, which is likewise used in a range of the social and behavioural sciences, as emphasised by Aldrich et al. (2007) and Gill (2008). Using other econometric model for the study of Caporale et al. (2009) might not ge nerate similar results, since the study involved an analysis of more than two outcomes of an ordinal dependent variable (i.e. happiness and life satisfaction). In the same manner, Oshio and colleagues’ (2011) use of the ordered logit model was suitable as the study involved a survey that aimed to find out how well responses to questions can predict a response to one question, to which the model was appropriate. In the study, the model was used for dichotomous dependent variables (happiness and life satisfaction), in which more than two response categories were enabled.Apparently, the study adopted proportional odds assumption, to which the model was applicable, as Sadler (2008) and Allegrezza and Dubrocard (2012) also pointed out. Moreover, the model clearly pursued an estimate for multiple equations in the study, whereby the number of these equations were tantamount to the number of categories minus 1. The study also showed that each equation modelled the odds of being in a category, which is consistent with the ordered logit model (Sadler, 2008; Allegrezza and Dubrocard, 2012). It is important to note that the use of the aforementioned models for the two studies was consistent with their intention to quantify or measure variables in order to come up with objective and systematic results for the relationship between income and happiness. Both studies opted to use data from established data sets (ESS and GSS) to apparently facilitate generalisation of findings, with which they were successful. It may be pointed out that Oshio and colleagues’ (2011) results were congruent with Caporale and colleagues’ (2009), reflecting the validity of the latter’s findings. References Aldrich, J. H.m Alt, J. E., and Lupia, A. (2007) Positive Changes in Political Science: The Legacy of Richard D. McKelvey’s Most Influential Writings. Michigan: University of Michigan. Allegrezza and Dubrocard (2012) Internet Econometrics. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. Caporale, G. M., Georgellis, Y., Tsitsianis, N., & Yin, Y. P. (2009) Income and happiness across Europe: Do reference values matterJournal of Economic Psychology, 30(1), 42-51. Gailmard, S. (2014) Statistical Modeling and Inference for Social Science. NY: Cambridge University Press. Gill (2008) Bayesian Methods: A Social and Behavioral Sciences Approach, Second Edition. NW: Chapman & Hall/CRC. Jones, A. (2007) Applied Econometrics for Health Economists: A Practical Guide. Second Edition. Oxon: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. Oshio, T., Nozak, K., and Kobayashi, M. (2011) Relative income and happiness in Asia: Evidence from nationwide surveys in China, Japan, and Korea. Social Indicators Research, 104 (3), 351-367. Sadler, A. M. (2008) Determinants of Entrepreneurial Behavior among Immigrant and Non-Immigrant University Scientists in the US: The Impact of Cultural Predispositions and Learning. MI: ProQuest LLC.

What Makes Appointment With Your Dentist - 1464 Words

Days all seem to go by in a blur. You abide by the same routine day after day. You get up, you do whatever is required from you, and then you go home and eat dinner. Maybe you sit down and relax with a good book, watch television, or even check your Facebook for what is probably the thirtieth time that day. No matter what it is, there is a good chance you see some harrowing news story that just breaks your heart, a story that you think is unfathomable. You dwell on it for a few moments, but then you turn away and stop thinking about it. You go to bed, worrying about that presentation you have due next week or trying to remind yourself to make that appointment with your dentist, because you assume that your life will be the same in two weeks as it is right now. In reality, a simple decision could change a life forever- for better or for worse. I am sure everyone has been this way at some point in their lives. The feeling of invincibility, that nothing bad can happen to you or to your loved ones. Due to this, you do not tell the people close to you that you love them. You assume that you or your loved one will be around another day, so you save up hugs and kisses because you are running late or are too busy. I was this way when I was younger, taking everything and everyone for granted, but that all changed with one simple Facebook status and comment- â€Å"Going to the hospital to see mom. She was in a car accident.† The night of January 23rd, 2011 was a frigid, snowy one.Show MoreRelatedDental Anxiety And The Dental Depression1332 Words   |  6 Pagesof the dentist. Logical individuals are stopped from seeing a dentist and preserving the health of their teeth. Preventing difficulties prior to their start is vital for retaining healthy teeth. Problems occur because people who experience a fear of the dentist will evade going to a dentist. To avoid these problems such as decay and cavities it takes scheduled appointments with your dentist for cleaning. What happens when someone with the fear of the dentist ultimately goes to a dentist, is a minorRead MoreCosmetic Dentistry Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesneed to call and make an appointment to get my teeth whitened with my dentist. Teeth whitening is an example of Cosmetic Dentistry. Cosmetic Dentistry is different than regular dentistry in the sense that regular dentistry deals with oral hygiene and the prevention, diagnosing and treating of a ny oral diseases. Cosmetic dentistry however focuses on improving a person’s teeth, smile, and mouth. General dentistry deals with what needs to be done whereas Cosmetic dentistry is what you desire to be doneRead MoreShould My Children Visit A Dentist For The First Time?1686 Words   |  7 Pages Q: What is the best toothbrush to use? Brushing your teeth is vital to good dental health, so it makes sense that picking the right toothbrush is important as well. Pick a toothbrush that is the right size that fits your mouth. If your mouth is small, then pick a short toothbrush. If you have a larger mouth, pick a longer one. That said, the head of the toothbrush should always be small. This allows you to brush hard-to-reach areas such as your back molars that much easier. When it comes toRead MoreTips For A Dentist For Your Family1276 Words   |  6 PagesTips for Cchoosing the Rright Dentist†¦ Choosing the right dentist for your family is an important decision. This is going to be the person whothat is responsible for the oral health of you, your spouse, and your children. We all know that kids are not the best about taking care of their teeth in the first place. This makes your choice even more important. Here are some tips for choosing the correct dentist for your family. Tip #1 - Check with your family and friends to see who they might recommendRead MoreThe Importance Of Relationship In Health Care1201 Words   |  5 Pagesarises; so, a revamp is needed for quite some time now. Here are several issues; first, the day before our exam dentist would screen schedule patients records to see what radiograph is need. Next, those patients dental records are given to the front desk clerk holds the dental hygienist/ extended functional dental assistants (EFDA) records, these are the hygiene/exam (H/E) appointment (with is most of our patient workload). Therefore, our patients are processed through the front desk clerk, patientsRead MoreCad / Cam ( Computer Aided Manufacturing )1747 Words   |  7 Pagesare not exactly pleasant, and many people are fearful of what they entail. This is especially true when a patient is faced with a long, drawn out procedure which requires several visits. Treatment for receiving crowns, veneers, bridges, orthodontics, or remova ble prosthesis are typical examples of these types of procedures. Many people put these procedures off or avoid them altogether due to the daunting and tedious string of appointments, not to mention the complications that can arise from theRead MoreToothache : Let s Get For The Root Of It1532 Words   |  7 Pageslet’s get to the root of it Whilst tooth decay is often declared to be the main cause of toothache, it’s important that you actually have a complete oral examination by a dentist in order to determine the actual cause. Toothache can be a result of a number of dental issues including infection, gum disease, bruxism (grinding your teeth), tooth trauma and even an abnormal bite. The eruption of teeth may also be the cause of tooth and jaw pain in babies and children of school age. Temporomandibular JointRead MoreMeet Our Friendly, Highly Trained Dental Team1532 Words   |  7 Pagesto us. We provide gGeneral and cCosmetic dental services including vVeneers, tTeeth wWhitening, rRoot cCanals, and tTeeth rReplacement. Our goal is to help patients have healthy teeth and gums for life. We’ll give you all you need to make informed decisions about your dental health, and we’ll work with you to give you the procedures and treatment results that you want. Dr. Andrew Dine Dr. Andrew Dine graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1971 with a Bachelor of Science degree and from CaseRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of A Dental Patient1327 Words   |  6 Pagespeople don t know much about. I ve felt for the longest time that dentists need some sort of background in mental disorders. Because of that, I decided to write this article, from the viewpoint of a dental patient. Going to my new dentist, I had to provide a background medical information sheet. Several illnesses were missing, so in the other section I had to write Bipolar Disorder. I was skeptical, and slightly worried as to what was the point of admitting my disorder, but did anyway. It wasnRead MoreNew Site For Aventura Dental Center1204 Words   |  5 Pagesstate over the years. But whether you are a lifelong resident of the Sunshine State, or you have recently moved here from another state, you are welcome at our dental clinic. If you are ready to schedule an appointment to visit our office, or if you have any questions on how we can help meet your dental health needs, call us at 786-681-1127 or use our convenient online form.  (Initial Blog) Welcome To The New Site For Aventura Dental Center Welcome to our new site! Dr. Bistritz and the entire team